第一部分

英译汉必译题

This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollandism in water - and to chart a new course.

They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the consequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes.

Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of groundwaters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the past three decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers.

What is driving the global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quantity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinking - especially in some of the poorest countries.

Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability.

Across the world, water-based ecological systems - rivers, lakes and watersheds - have been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over- exploitation.

We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? For starters, we have to stop using water like there"s no tomorrow - and that means using it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment. The buzz- phrase at the Mexico Water forum is "integrated water resource management." What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest.

天之聪网校参考译文：

本周，世界水论坛在墨西哥城开幕，论坛将一直持续到下周。来自政府、国际机构和非政府组织的代表们齐聚一堂，探讨全球用水遗留问题，共商未来用水大计。

会议选址墨西哥城再合适不过。墨西哥城地下蓄水层的开采速度是地下水补给速度的两倍，由此造成墨西哥城以10年50厘米的速度不断下沉，现在，这里的许多教堂出现裂隙，艺术宫日益倾斜，水管和排污管道开裂。

世界上每个地区都面临水危机，只不过表现形式不同而已。在过去30年间，印度和巴基斯坦的部分地区大肆开采地下水用于农业灌溉，致使水位下降了30米，开采成本随之升高，给当地贫苦农民的生计带来严重影响。

全球水危机的成因是什么？部分原因是实际可用水资源短缺。水不同于石油或煤炭，是一种无限可再生资源，但是可用水资源却十分有限。目前，用水增加速度是人口增速的两倍，人均可用水资源在不断减少，一些最不发达国家尤其如此。

一些国家的实际可用水资源确实存在严重短缺的问题，不过水危机的发生还有其深层次的原因。20世纪的水资源管理模式存在问题：人们想当然地认为，水资源取之不竭，用之不尽，是一种免费资源，人们用水毫无节制，随意修建水坝或开展调水工程，根本意识不到水资源短缺的问题，也不考虑这种用水模式是否具有可持续性。

世界各地的决策者对过度开采水资源可能产生的后果视而不见、不管不问，现在江河湖泊等水生态系统都遭到严重破坏，可持续性开始受到威胁。

在21世纪，我们必须改变这种水资源管理模式。如何加以改变呢？首先，我们必须摒弃这种“有今没明”、短视自利的用水模式，提高用水效率，避免对环境造成破坏。本次墨西哥水论坛的主要议题是“水资源综合管理”，旨在敦促各国政府综合管理不同用水需求，从公共利益出发合理利用宝贵的水资源。

英译汉选译题

选译题一

John Kenneth Galbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts。He was 97.

Mr. Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his 33 books was "The Affluent Society" (1958), one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compelling phrases — among them "the affluent society," "conventional wisdom" and "countervailing power" — became part of the language.

An imposing presence, lanky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though it may have been ignored as often as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted.

Mr. Galbraith, a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless always commanded attention.

From the 1930"s to the 1990"s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of the national political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders.

He tutored Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, on Keynesian economics. He advised President John F. Kennedy (often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in their beloved Boston) and served as his ambassador to India.

Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the war in Vietnam, he helped conceive of Mr. Johnson"s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuing his opposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president.

In the course of his long career, he undertook a number of government assignments, including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson.

He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvard economics department with "A Tenured Professor," ridiculing, among others, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself.

At his death, Mr. Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated economics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers.

天之聪网校参考译文：

反传统经济学家、教育家和外交家约翰肯﹒格贝斯于周六在马萨诸塞州剑桥的一家医院去世，享年97岁。

约翰肯﹒格贝斯的经济学论著读者众多，他一生共著有33本巨作，其中1958年出版的《富裕社会》是推动一个国家重新审视其价值观的为数不多的经典论著之一。约翰肯﹒格贝斯文笔流畅，即便是复杂话题在他笔下也能写得行云流水。约翰肯﹒格贝斯提出的许多颇具影响力的术语，如：“富裕社会（affluent society）”，“传统智慧(conventional wisdom)”和“抗衡力(countervailing power)”，逐渐为大众接受并成为常用语。

约翰肯﹒格贝斯身高6英尺8寸，身材修长，仪表堂堂。国家领导人经常向他咨询，而他则出谋划策、畅所欲言，虽然只有近半建议终获采纳。约翰肯﹒格贝斯对于自己无法接受的传统观点直接提出挑战，从不刻意回避。

约翰肯﹒格贝斯是一位德高望重的教授，一代又一代哈佛学子曾经聆听过他的教诲。不过，约翰肯﹒格贝斯的一言一行又总是备受关注。

上世纪30年代至90年代，约翰肯﹒格贝斯曾帮助指导民主党全国政治辩论，对民主党的发展方向及其领导人的思维方式都产生了重要影响。

曾经代表民主党参加1952年和1956年两届总统竞选的阿德莱•史蒂文森也曾师从约翰肯﹒格贝斯学习凯恩斯经济理论。他还曾任美国约翰﹒肯尼迪总统的顾问（二人经常在他们钟爱的波士顿Locke-Ober餐厅边吃炖龙虾边谈正事），约翰﹒肯尼迪担任总统期间，格贝斯还担任过美国驻印度大使。

虽然格贝斯在越战问题上与林顿•约翰逊总统意见相左，但还是帮助林顿•约翰逊总统提出了“大社会”计划，并为其撰写了一篇重要的演讲稿，专门阐释推行该计划的目标。在1968年，反战立场坚定的格贝斯转而帮助参议员尤金•麦卡锡参加民主党党内总统候选人选举。

在其漫长的职业生涯中，格贝斯执行过多项政府要务，包括在二战期间组织开展物价调控工作，先后为富兰克林﹒罗斯福、肯尼迪和约翰逊总统担任演讲撰稿人。

格贝斯还以自己的从政经历为蓝本写了三部颇具讽刺意味的小说。在《终身教授》中，他把矛头直指哈佛经济系，在小说中塑造了一个直言不讳的人物形象，与自己十分相像，在小说中格贝斯对这个人物也是百般揶揄。

格贝斯职业生涯大部分时间都任教于哈佛经济系，生前还是该系名誉教授。格贝斯授课颇受欢迎，在他看来，经济学不是一门由数字构成的晦涩学科，而是社会和文化的组成部分。

选译题二

LAST week, Indonesia announced its 43rd human death from bird flu. It has now recorded more fatalities than any other nation, and in stark contrast to all other countries its death toll is climbing regularly. It looks as though things will get worse before they get better.

The Indonesian government claims to be committed to fighting the disease, caused by the H5N1 virus, but it does not seem to want to spend much of its own money doing so. After the international community pledged $900m in grants and slightly more in very soft loans to combat the spread of bird flu globally and to help nations prepare for a possible human flu pandemic[2], Indonesia put in a request for the full $900m—all of it in grants.

A national bird-flu commission was created in March to co-ordinate the country's response but it has yet to be given a budget. Its chief, meanwhile, has just been given a second full-time job—heading efforts to rebuild the part of Java devastated by an earthquake in May.

Observers say that the available money is being mis-spent, with the focus on humans rather than on animals. The agriculture ministry, for example, is asking for less money for next year than it got this year. This is despite hundreds of thousands of hens dying every month, to say nothing of infected cats, quails, pigs and ducks. Farmers are being compensate at only 2,000 rupiah (21 cents) per bird, well below market price, thereby discouraging them from reporting outbreaks. The country's veterinary surveillance services are inadequate. Pledges to vaccinate hundreds of millions of birds have not been met.

The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation is starting to establish local disease-control centres to cope with the effects of a virulent mutation, should one occur, but reckons that only one-third of the country will be covered by year's end. A bunch of international do-gooders that is trying to plug some of the gaps is finding it hard to raise money.

天之聪网校参考译文：

上周，印度尼西亚公布的数字显示，禽流感致死人数已上升至43人。到目前为止，印尼死于禽流感的人数居各国之首，且与其他国家明显不同的是，死亡人数仍在持续攀升。现在看来，印尼禽流感疫情会将进一步恶化。

印尼政府称将全力防控H5N1禽流感疫情，但却不愿给予足够财力支持。此前，国际社会承诺将筹集9亿美元资金，并提供9亿多美元的超低息贷款，在全球开展禽流感防控工作，帮助各国做好准备，防范人流感疫情爆发。印尼则闻声而动，随即提出希望获得全部9亿美元的援助金。

印尼在三月份就组建了一个全国禽流感工作委员会，协调全国禽流感防控工作，但到目前为止该委员会未获得任何预算支持。同时，该委员会主席又刚刚被委以重任，全职负责五月份遭受地震重创的爪哇地区的重建工作。

观察家认为，现有资金也没有用到刀刃上，重点放在了人类而非动物感染防控上。例如，农业部明年的预算申请要低于今年，但现实情况是，每月印尼都有数十万只鸡死亡，这还不算猫、鹌鹑、猪和鸭等其他禽畜的感染。现在，对扑杀的禽类补助标准仅为每只2,000卢比（折合21美分），远低于市场价，农民不愿积极配合，疫情瞒报在所难免。印尼兽医监控服务也并不完善，本来承诺要对数亿只家禽进行防疫，到现在也仍未兑现。

联合国粮食与农业组织也开始着手在当地建立疾控中心，以防病毒变异，但估计到年底前也只能覆盖印尼三分之一的地区。一些国际非政府组织也希望给予支持和配合，但是目前筹资是一大难题。

第二部分

汉译英必译题

中国是农业大国，在中国成为发达国家的道路上，农业有着决定性的作用。中国的农业应该是世界的奇迹，养活了13亿的人口，解决了世界1/5人口的吃饭问题，对中国经济的快速发展起到了坚实的保障作用。特别是始于1978年的改革开放最早从农村开始，使农业得到了进一步的发展，粮食、棉花、油料、糖料、肉类、水产品等产量均列世界第一位。中国农产品由极度短缺变为基本供给平衡，部分品种有余。但今天农村却不是改革开放的最大受益者，农业仍然处于传统农业向现代农业转变的发展阶段。

在中国，70%左右的人口仍然要依靠这个传统的农业产业提供生存保障，近50%的社会劳动人口仍然只能从农业中得到就业机会。农业生产产值占整个国民生产总值的比率在15%左右。

因此农业的现代化在国家的整个现代化进程中，占有举足轻重的地位。“实现农业的现代化”，这是中国政府一直在坚持的农业发展方向。

天之聪网校参考译文：

Agriculture holds the key to China’s ambition to be a fully developed country. As a major agricultural economy, China has made an agricultural miracle happen, as it has managed to feed its 1.3 billion people, roughly 1/5 of the world’s total. Agriculture represents a solid underpinner/bedrock/groundwork/foreground for China’s economic boom. Reform and opening up that were initiated first in the countryside back in 1978 has bolstered/expedited agricultural development. At the moment, China is the world’s largest producer of grain, cotton, oil-bearing and sugar-making produces, meat and aquatic products. China has basically moved from scarcity to sufficiency in availability of agricultural products, with some strains even in surplus. That being said,/But make no mistake, reform and opening up has not benefited the countryside the most, and agriculture is still in the midst of moving from traditional to modern practices.

70% of the Chinese population today remains dependent on the traditional industry of agriculture for livelihood and nearly half of the working population in China still finds a job in agriculture./In China, agriculture as a traditional industry still sustains the livelihood of roughly 70% of the total population and offers employment for nearly half of its working population. And agriculture contributes some 15% of the overall GDP in China./15% of China’s total GDP comes from agriculture.

As such, agricultural modernization is essential to how the country can get modernized overall, and the Chinese government also remains committed to modernizing agriculture as a long-term vision.

汉译英选译题

维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。

中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。

官方参考译文：

To uphold world peace, promote common development and seek cooperation and win-win is the common wish of the people around the world and an irresistible trend of our times.

Committed to peace, development and cooperation, China pursues a road of peaceful development, and endeavors to build, together with other countries, a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.

Never before has China been so closely bound up with the rest of the world as it is today. The Chinese government works to advance both the fundamental interests of the Chinese people and the common interests of the peoples of the rest of the world, and pursues a defense policy which is purely defensive in nature. China's national defense, in keeping with and contributing to the country's development and security strategies, aims at maintaining national security and unity, and ensuring the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. China is determined to remain a staunch force for global peace, security and stability.

China's national defense and military modernization, conducted on the basis of steady economic development, is the requirement of keeping up with new trends in the global revolution and development in military affairs, and of maintaining China's national security and development. China will not engage in any arms race or pose a military threat to any other country. At the new stage in the new century, we will take the scientific development outlook as an important guiding principle for the building of national defense and military affairs, vigorously advance the revolution in military affairs with Chinese features, and strive to realize an all-round, coordinated and sustainable development in our country's national defense and military capabilities.

天之聪网校参考译文：

Universal peace, common/inclusive development and win-win cooperation represent the shared aspiration of all peoples across the world/a universal aspiration and an irresistible/irreversible trend of our times. On this very note, China remains committed to peaceful development and stands ready/poised to work with the rest of the world/join in global efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity/where all live in peace and prosperity/where peace prevails and prosperity reaches all corners/a world of peace and prosperity for all.  

Never before in history has China been so closely linked to/interlinked with/interconnected with/integrated with the outside world. As the Chinese government bears in mind both the fundamental interests of its people and the common interests of the global community, it pursues a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. When it comes to national defense, China acts in line with and in the interest of national development and security strategies. China’s national defense aims to safeguard national security and unity and secure the building of a well-off society in all aspects. China remains a staunch force behind/for world peace, security and stability.

China’s push for defense and military modernization amid/on the back of its ongoing economic boom follows/conforms with/consists with the emerging global trend of military upgrading and comes as a safeguard for its national security and development gains. China will refrain from entering an arms race with any other country, and will constitute/pose no military threat to anyone./China will not enter …, nor will it … At the new development stage in the new century, we are, guided by scientific outlook on development, pushing for/pressing ahead with/moving forward with military reform with distinctive Chinese features to modernize national defense and the army in a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable way. /At this point, China is committed to military reform with distinctive Chinese features. Guided by scientific outlook on development in this endeavor, we are working to modernize national defense and the army in a holistic, balanced and sustainable fashion.    

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