美国驻中华人民共和国大使骆家辉
在第7届鲍大可- 奥克森伯格讲座上的讲话
I am delighted to be in Shanghai to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Shanghai Communiqué and to offer a few reflections on the state of U.S.-China relations.
我非常高兴来上海纪念“上海公报”40周年，并就美中关系现状提供一些思考。
Shanghai has always been a special place for me. My wife’s family has roots here, and it is the first Chinese city I explored on my first trip to China in 1988. I have returned many times since that initial visit. And each time I have had to adjust my mental image of Shanghai – from memories of when bicycles dominated the roads to the sights today of a frenetic flow of cars and commerce.
上海对我来说一直是一个特别的地方。我岳家有根在这里，并且它是我1988年第一次来中国时首先探索的中国城市。自此初访后，我回来过许多次。并且，每一次，我都不得不调整我脑海中的上海印象 - 从满是自行车道路的记忆到如今所看到的穿流不息的汽车和商流。
Shanghai is no longer the dimly-lit city with a low skyline that President Nixon surveyed from his hotel a few blocks down the road 40 years ago. And China is not the same country he encountered on his historic visit and that I saw in 1988.
上海再也不是40年前尼克森总统从他所住的旅馆（在这条路上离这不远的街区）所勘查到的光线昏暗、天际线很低的城市。并且，中国不再是他在其历史性访问中所遇见及我在1988年所看到同一个国家。
The Chinese people, through their hard work and determination, have achieved unprecedented economic growth that has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. They, along with China’s leaders, deserve enormous credit for this success – a success we all applaud and from which we all benefit.
中国人民通过自己的辛勤努力和决心，取得了令数亿人摆脱贫困的前所未有的经济增长。他们与中国领导人一起都应该为这一成功记大功，我们都为此成功鼓掌，并且我们所有人都从中受益。
I would like to state unequivocally that the United States welcomes this transformation. China’s economic ascent is good for the people of China, it’s good for the people of the United States, it’s good for the global economy, and it’s critical to creating jobs in America.
我要明确表示美国欢迎这一转变。中国的经济提升对中国人民有好处，对美国人民有好处，对全球经济有好处，并对在美国创造就业机会至关重要。
To put this in tangible terms, in 1972 annual bilateral trade was less than $100 million, the United States’ top export to China was cereal, and China’s top export to the U.S. was animal parts. Two-way investment in each other’s markets was close to zero. Only a handful of American jobs relied on trade with China.
用有形的术语来说，1972年的年双边贸易额不足1亿美元，美国对中国的主要出口为谷物，并且中国对美国的主要出口为动物器官。在对方市场的双向投资几乎为零。只有极少数美国人的就业机会依赖与中国的贸易。
Now, more than a billion dollars of goods and services flow between our two countries every day. Electronics have replaced cereal as our leading export to China, and machinery and other electronics have taken the place of animal parts as China’s top export items to the United States. 800,000 American jobs depend on producing goods and services sold to China. And an even larger number of Chinese jobs are anchored by trade with the United States.
现在，每天有超过10亿美元的商品和服务在我们两国之间流动。电子已经取代谷物成为我们对中国的主要出口，并且机械及设备已取代动物器官成为中国对美国的主要出口项目。 80万美国人的就业机会依赖于生产出售给中国的商品和服务。并且，甚至更多数量的中国就业机会以与美国的贸易为根基。
Today, the U.S. is China’s second-largest export market. China is America’s largest export destination outside of North America. Annual U.S. exports to China exceeded $100 billion for the first time in 2010 – a 33-percent increase over 2009 – continuing a trend of exponential growth over the past decade. People in both our countries are benefiting from this deepening economic integration.
今天，美国是中国第二大出口市场。中国是美国在北美以外的最大出口目的地。2010年，美国对中国的年出口额首次超过1000亿美元 - 比2009年增长33％ - 继续着过去十年的指数级增长趋势。我们两国人民都受益于这种深化的经济一体化。
Measured against the past and where the relationship has been, our two sides have made enormous progress. Measured against the future and our potential, there is much more progress still to achieve.
以过去和该关系的现状为衡量，我们双方都取得了巨大进步。以未来和我们的潜力来衡量，仍然可以取得大得多的进展。
From where I stand, I believe our bilateral relationship is entering a new phase. During the 1970s and 1980s, it was a relationship mainly defined by balancing a common foe, with President Nixon coming in large part to enlist China’s support in countering the Soviet Union. President Carter shared in that motivation when he normalized relations seven years later. As time passed and the threat of a common foe receded, our joint efforts turned to fully integrate China into the community of nations. China now has a seat at the table and a role in virtually every institution of importance in the world today.
从我来讲，我相信我们的双边关系正进入一个新阶段。在20世纪70年代和80年代，这种关系主要是以平衡一个共同的敌人来定义的，尼克森总统来访在很大程度上是取得中国的支持，对付苏联。卡特总统在7年后实现关系正常化时，也有着同样的动机。随着时间的推移和共同敌人的威胁退去，我们的共同努力变成让中国充分融入国际社会。中国现在在当今世界几乎每一个重要机构中拥有一席之地和角色。
Our shared endeavors in these arenas have benefited both of our countries, and they have propelled the relationship forward. To deepen the relationship over the next 40 years, though, I believe we need to turn our focus toward strengthening bilateral collaboration – at all levels – to produce tangible benefits for the people in both our countries – jobs, prosperity, and security.
我们在这些领域的共同努力让我们两国受益，并已将该关系向前推进。不过，要在未来40年深化该关系，我相信我们需要将我们的关注点转向加强各级别的双边合作——为我们两国人民带来实实在在的好处 - 就业机会、繁荣和安全。
Rhetoric alone will not sustain growth in this relationship. Only shared actions that deliver results for the benefit of our people will.
President Obama shares this belief, which is why he has consistently stressed the need to ensure that our economic partnership makes it possible for more people in both countries to work, trade, invest, create, and prosper.
光是纸上谈兵不会维持这种关系的发展。只有为我们人民的利益带来成果的共同行动才会。
欧巴马总统有着同样的信念，这就是为什么他一直强调，需要确保我们的经济伙伴关系使两国更多人民工作、贸易、投资、创造和繁荣成为可能。
We believe this requires fairness in both policy and practice. By fairness, I mean guaranteeing a level playing field for healthy competition between U.S. and Chinese firms. Fairness also means ending discrimination against U.S. companies; ending unfair trade preferences for domestic firms; ending what we see as unfair, distorting currency practices; improving protections of intellectual property; and establishing a more open investment climate.
我们相信这要求政策和行为上的公平性。对于公平性，我指的是保证为美国和中国企业健康竞争提供公平的赛场。公平性还指结束对美国公司的歧视、停止给国内企业的不公平贸易优惠、终止那些我们视为不公平、扭曲的货币行为、改善知识财产保护、以及建立一个更开放的投资环境。
The United States is responding to Chinese concerns about American economic practices – for example on inbound investment and export control restrictions on high-technology goods – evidence that we are serious about unlocking the economic potential of our two countries.
美国正在回应中国关于美国经济行为的担忧 – 比如说，在高技术商品上的入境投资和出口管制限制 – 这样我们就能一起找到方法进一步释放我们两国的经济潜力。
Inbound Chinese investment into the U.S. is vital to American economic growth, job creation, and productivity. We welcome such investment but many Chinese firms say they are reluctant to invest in the United States for fear their investments will be blocked by the U.S. government and that all Chinese investment in the U.S. requires U.S. government approval. But perception is reality and so the U.S. government is moving beyond just saying that the U.S. is open to Chinese investment to active promotion.
中国对美国的入境投资对经济增长、创造就业和生产力至关重要。我们欢迎这种投资，但是很多中国公司说他们对在美国投资迟疑不决，因为害怕他们的投资会受到美国政府阻挠，担心中国在美国的所有投资都需要美国政府批准。但感觉就是事实别人对你的判断决定了你是什么，因此美国政府正将口头上说的美国对中国开放投资付诸行动，并进一步积极推广。
President Obama recently announced Select USA, a government-wide initiative to promote foreign investment in the United States, including from China. This is a program I launched as Commerce Secretary. Our Foreign Commercial Service is now regularly organizing investment fairs and conferences targeted at attracting Chinese investment.
欧巴马总统最近宣布了“选择美国”，整个政府的一项为了促进在美国的外国投资，包括来自中国投资的倡议。这是一个我任商务部长时启动的项目。我们的驻外商务管理司现在定期组织旨在吸引中国投资的投资洽谈会和会议。
And our Embassy has commissioned a short video in Chinese to (1) dispel the false myths about investing in the U.S., (2) highlight the many Chinese companies that have successfully invested in the U.S., and (3) list the ingredients for successful investment. It will be ready in a month and we will be showing it all over China. The reality is that only a small fraction of all foreign investment in the U.S. from all over the world is reviewed by the U.S. government and very few of these cases involved Chinese companies.
我们的大使馆也委托制作了一段中文视频短片，以便（1）消除关于在美国投资的不实之说；（2）强调很多已经在美国成功投资的中国公司；以及（3）列举投资成功的因素。它将在一个月内制作完成，我们将向全中国播放这段视频。实际情况是，来自全世界的全部在美国外国投资中只有很小一部分受到美国政府审查，这些案例极少牵涉到中国公司。
My Chinese counterparts often tell me that the US deficit would be narrowed substantially if only the US would relax export controls. And I tell them, we are in the midst of a major reform and simplification that will enable more hi-tech goods to be exported to China.
我的中国同行们经常告诉我，如果美国能放松出口管制，其赤字将大幅收窄。我对他们说，我们正在进行一项重要改革和简化，这将使更多高技术产品出口到中国。
To move beyond our talking points, China took a helpful step by providing a list of 141 hi-tech items that it wants to purchase from the United States. As a result of our work together, the United States has indicated that 46 of these technologies can be readily exported to China, and some may not need a license at all.
为了将我们的谈话要点付诸行动，中国迈出了有帮助的一步，提供了一张清单，包含141项它希望从美国购买的高技术产品。作为我们共同努力的结果，美国表示其中46项技术可以容易地出口到中国，而且有一些甚至可能根本不需要许可。
We need additional detail from China on the remaining requested items, so that we can determine whether and under what conditions they can be exported. In the meantime, we are going a step further, also to move beyond rhetoric. In May, we are bringing a delegation of U.S. companies to Shanghai focusing on high-tech goods, including items on the list, to meet with Chinese companies interested in purchasing high-tech items.
我们需要中国提供关于其余要求项目的更多细节，这样我们就能决定它们能否出口，以及在什么条件下出口。同时，为了将言辞付诸行动，我们正走得更远。5月份，我们将带一个以高技术商品（包括清单上的项目）为重点的美国公司代表团去上海，与有兴趣购买这些高技术商品的中国公司见面。
Finally, I also know that the issue of visas matters deeply to the Chinese people and to the Chinese business community, with complaints about endless waits for visa interviews. But again to move beyond diplomatic talking points we have made a variety of immediate changes that are already bearing results.
最后，我还知道签证问题对中国人民和中国商界来说关系重大，特别是对漫长的签证等候时间的抱怨。但是为了将外交上的谈话要点付诸行动，我们已经立刻做出了各种改变，它们已经产生了效果。
Speeding up visa processing has been a top priority for me. I’ve been here in China now for 7 months. In the last 5 months, the average wait time for an appointment for an interview to apply for a visa has been less than 6 days compared to 22 days during the same 5 months last year and 13 days 2 years ago. All this despite more than a 70% increase in applications and almost no new staff over the last two years.
加快签证流程对我来说是一个最优先事项。现在我已经在中国待了7个月。在过去的5个月中，与去年同一时期的22天和2年前的13天相比，申请签证的预约面谈平均等候时间已低于6天。尽管申请量增加了70%，而过去两年中几乎没有增加新工作人员，我们还是做到了所有这些。
And it’s going to be even more convenient to renew a visa. Under a new initiative we announced in late January, certain visa applicants who were interviewed for a prior visa are eligible to renew their visas without another interview.
以后续签签证将会变得更加方便。在我们1月末宣布的一项新倡议下，之前申请签证参加过面谈的某些签证申请人有资格续签他们的签证而不用参加另一次面谈。
Previously, if a person had a visa that expired less than a year ago, another interview was not required. Under the new procedures, an interview is not required if the prior visa expired less than a 4 years ago. One can instead drop off the renewal application at any Citic bank.
之前，如果一个人的签证过期时间不到一年，则不需要另一次面谈。根据新的程序，如果之前的签证过期时间不到四年，则无需面谈。作为替代，可以将申请交给中信银行。
On the security front, as China becomes stronger, its stake in the preservation of global peace and prosperity from which we both benefit will naturally rise. The United States looks to partner more fully with China on security issues, for example by working together to halt nuclear proliferation, bring Iran into compliance with its international obligations, denuclearize the Korean Peninsula, and promote peaceful development in Syria, Afghanistan and Sudan. Doing so will advance our shared goal of fostering global stability, which in turn will enable trade to flourish. As two of the world’s largest trading countries, we have a direct interest in expanding efforts to work together for this outcome.
关于安全方面，随着中国变得更加强大，其在我们双方都受益的维护全球和平和繁荣方面的利益关系将自然有所增长。美国盼望就安全事务方面更完全地与中国结成伙伴，例如通过共同努力停止核扩散，让伊朗遵守其国际义务，韩朝半岛去核化，以及促进在叙利亚、阿富汗和苏丹的和平发展。这么做将会推进我们促进全球稳定的共同目标，这个目标将会使贸易蓬勃发展。作为世界上最大贸易国中的两个，我们在为这一结果而扩大共同努力方面有直接的利益。
We all know that China’s ascent has sparked debates over whether China’s progress threatens U.S. global leadership, or whether the United States is working to constrain China’s rise. These debates ignore reality and distract from what should be our overriding shared objective: producing benefits for the people in both countries. We must not allow such debates to divide our two countries or disrupt deepening habits of cooperation.
我们都知道中国的提升触发了关于中国的发展是否威胁美国全球领导力或美国是否正在努力遏制中国的崛起的争论。这些争论忽视现实，分散对本应是我们最重要的共同目标的注意力：为两国人民带来利益。我们不得允许这样的争论分化我们两国，或破坏正在加深的合作习惯。
Let me be clear, the United States does not fear China’s growth; it sees China’s growth as opportunities.
让我明确一下，美国不害怕中国的发展；美国把中国的发展视为一个机会。
While some of my Chinese friends have cast America’s deepening engagement in the Asia-Pacific in competitive terms, President Obama does not subscribe to such a view. America’s growing participation in a full range of economic, humanitarian, educational, scientific and security-related endeavors throughout the Asia-Pacific is in response to a strong desire from many countries in the region for the United States to become more involved. Over time America’s strong and deepening engagement in the Asia-Pacific region will open up new avenues for U.S.-China cooperation; reduce regional anxieties about China’s rise; and give other countries the confidence they need to deepen their relations with China.
尽管我的一些中国朋友们以竞争性的词汇来描述美国在亚太的深化接触，欧巴马总统并没有赞同这一观点。美国在整个亚太范围内越来越多地全方位参与经济、人道主义、教育、科学和安全相关的努力，是针对该地区许多国家希望美国更多地参与（亚太地区事务）的强烈愿望的回应。随着时间的流逝，美国在亚太地区的强劲和深入接触将会为美中合作打开新的道路；减少关于中国崛起的地区焦虑；并给予其他国家深化与中国的关系所需要的信心。
The United States recognizes that every country in Asia wants a better relationship with China, and we fully support that. We, too, seek a strong, constructive partnership with China, and we are working to achieve that outcome. Another source of debate and misunderstanding has been our position on human rights.
美国意识到，亚洲的每一个国家都希望与中国有更好的关系，我们对此完全支持。我们也寻求与中国强劲的、建设性伙伴关系，我们正在努力实现这一结果。争论和误解的另一个来源一直是我们关于人权的立场。
By urging China to protect freedoms enshrined in its own constitution and uphold universal values in accord with its international obligations, the United States is encouraging China to meet the aspirations of its people. We applaud the fact that millions upon millions of Chinese citizens have been able to rise out of poverty thanks to the dedication of China’s leaders and the hard work of its people.
通过敦促中国保护其宪法中所庄严载入的自由并按照其国际义务维护普世价值，美国正在鼓励中国满足其人民的渴望。我们称赞千百万中国公民由于中国领导人的奉献及其人民的辛勤工作，而已经脱离贫困的这一事实。
But human rights encompass more than improving living standards. They include the right to due process of law, to be able to speak freely, to associate openly, to practice one’s religious beliefs, and to enjoy the benefits of a free press. Citizens should have the right to speak openly about their convictions, even if they disagree with the government or hold a minority opinion.
但人权包不只是改善生活水平。它们包括走正当法律程序、能够自由讲话、公开结社、实践宗教信仰、以及享受自由出版的利益的权利。公民应当有权公开谈论他们信仰，即使他们与政府意见有分歧或者持少数派观点。
Governments that protect and foster such freedoms and respect religious, cultural, and linguistic differences achieve greater progress in dealing with societal challenges and enjoy greater confidence and stronger support from their citizens. China will not achieve its full potential if it does not ensure the protection of its own citizens’ rights.
保护和鼓励这样的自由，并尊重宗教、文化、和语言差异的政府在处理国内挑战时获得更大的进步，并且获得更多信心和其人民更强有力的支持。如果不确保对其公民权利的保护，中国将不能充分发挥潜力。
We also know that diversity of opinion and the free flow of ideas have never been more crucial to a country’s success than today – the information age, the age of the Internet – a time suited for creativity and innovation.
我们也知道，在现在这样一个信息时代，互联网时代，观点的多样化和想法的自由流通对于一个国家的成功来说从未比现在更加至关重要，现在是适合创造性和创新性的时代。
In fairness, I must acknowledge that the United States has not always lived up to its ideals. I remember, for example, when my country imprisoned a leader who challenged America to rise to the principles of its founding. His name was Martin Luther King, Jr. We now have a monument for him in our capital.
就公平而言，我必须承认，美国并不总是实践其理想。例如，我记得我的国家曾囚禁一名领袖，他挑战美国达到建国原则。他的名字是马丁∙路德∙金。我们现在在首都有一座他的纪念碑。
Thanks to him and other brave Americans, America is continually being pushed from within to improve itself. The major improvements in civil rights in our own country – from the abolition of slavery to women’s suffrage, the civil rights movement, the environmental movement, and the advent of new laws that guarantee transparency of governments – did not happen because the U.S. government decided to reform itself. These gains came as a result of the efforts of brave citizens and civil society groups who challenged prevailing thought, questioned authority, and demanded that America deal with unflattering truths.
感谢他和其他勇敢的美国人，美国一直不断地被内部力量推动着改善自己。我们自己国家的公民权利的重大改进 —— 从废除奴隶制到妇女选举权，民权运动，环保运动，以及保证政府透明度的新法律的出现 ——不是由于美国政府决心改革自己而发生的。这些成就是勇敢的公民和公民社会团体努力的结果，他们挑战占主导地位的思想，质疑权威，并要求美国面对不光彩的事实。
Anyone who doubts this fact need only look at me – the Chinese-American grandson of an immigrant houseboy – or at our President – to be reassured of the openness and ability for self-examination and change that enables American society to thrive.
任何怀疑这个事实的人只需要看看我 —— 一个移民男仆的孙子，华裔美国人 —— 或者我们的总统 ——从而再次印证美国社会自省和变化的开放性和能力，美国社会因此而蓬勃发展。
So we will continue to support the advancement of these fundamental freedoms and universal rights in China and make our views known. It is natural that we will not see eye to eye on every issue, but we must keep discussing our differences openly, and committing to develop as many avenues for cooperation as possible. Our two countries have steadily moved in this direction over the past 40 years. And our experiences together have shown that when we come together – whether in education, global economic rebalancing, scientific exploration, or global security – our relationship improves along with the quality of the outcomes.
所以我们将继续支持这些基本自由和普世权利在中国的进步，让大家了解我们的观点。我们不会在每一个问题上看法一致是很自然的，但我们必须保持公开讨论我们的不同意见，并承诺发展尽可能多的合作途径。在过去的40年中，我们两国一直朝着这个方向稳步发展。而且，我们共同的经验表明，当我们走到一起 ——无论是教育，全球经济再平衡，科学探索或全球安全 —— 我们的关系与成果同时得到改善。
I see it when: I sit down together with governors and mayors from both of our countries to map out ways to address the challenges of urbanization and economic development; And when I hear from American and Chinese engineers about the progress they are achieving through collaborative research across a range of fields that is pushing out the boundaries of what is possible and opening up industries that did not even exist last year.
我看到了这些成果，当：我坐下来和我们两国州/省长和市长一起制定解决城市化和经济发展挑战的办法;
当我从美国和中国工程师那里听到他们通过横跨广泛领域的协作研究取得的进展，从而扩大了可能性的范围，并开发了去年甚至不存在的产业。
But this is only possible when both sides commit to playing by the rules and sharing equitably in successes. As we do so, we will move closer to the day when even more of our scientists collaborate to cure diseases and create technologies of the future, even more of our students engage in exchanges that foster lasting personal relationships, and even more of our businesspeople cooperate to develop better products that fuel innovation and encourage economic growth.
但是，只有双方承诺遵守规则和公平分享成功时才是可行的。当我们这样做，我们将离那一天更近，那时我们更多的科学家们共同合作治疗疾病和创造未来技术，我们更多的学生通过交流活动培养长久的私人关系，甚至我们更多的企业家合作开发更好的产品，刺激创新并促进经济增长。
The more we are able to bring our two peoples together in common cause, the more we will be able to deepen a shared conviction between our two peoples that China’s success is good for the United States, and that a strong United States is good for China. This is where the relationship needs to go, but it will not get there without all of your active support, involvement, and encouragement.
我们越能促使两国人民一起走进共同事业中，越能加深我们两国人民间共享的信念，即中国的成功对美国有利，强大的美国对中国有利。
这是两国关系需要发展的方向，但是没有你们所有人积极的支持，参与和鼓励将无法实现。
And so my challenge to you is to actively help build the U.S.-China relationship from the bottom up, rather than waiting for it to be constructed from the top down. Increasing even more the interactions between our executives and entrepreneurs, scientists and scholars, artists and athletes will enable the benefits of the relationship to multiply, and a virtuous cycle to form.
因此我对你们提出的挑战是从下至上地积极建立美中关系，不是等待从上至下地建立。增加更多高管和企业家，科学家和学者，艺术家和运动员之间的互动会促使美中关系的好处成倍增长，并形成一个良性循环。
We know such a positive result is possible. Just look at how far our bilateral relationship has come over the past 40 years. But it will require that we not allow inevitable differences in outlook to eclipse opportunities to advance shared interests and not allow political winds in either country to push the relationship off course. Neither conflict nor cooperation between us is preordained. It is a choice we make through our actions.
我们知道这样一个积极的结果是可能的。只要看看我们的双边关系在过去40年来已经走了多远。但是将需要我们不要让不可避免的观点不同遮蔽推进共同利益的机会，不允许任何一个国家的政治风向使双边关系偏离航向。我们之间的冲突和合作都不是注定的。这是我们通过我们的行动所做出的选择。
All of us in this room share in this common endeavor to build a strong, lasting bilateral relationship that delivers results for both our peoples. And so I encourage all of you to continue to build bonds across oceans, question assumptions, and defy skeptics who focus on the challenges, when opportunities are so much more abundant. If we do so, I am confident that we will make great strides in unlocking the full potential of our two great countries and in improving the lives of our citizens. This is our challenge; this is our opportunity. Thank you.
在这个房间里的我们所有人共同努力以建立一个强大的，持久的双边关系，为我们两国人民带来成果。所以我鼓励大家继续建立横跨大洋的纽带，质疑假设和挑战那些在机会如此繁多的时候，只关注挑战的怀疑论者。如果我们这样做，我有信心我们将极大释放我们两个伟大国家的全部潜力，和极大提高我们人民的生活。这是我们面临的挑战，这是我们的机会。谢谢。
天之聪教育
2012-08-17
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